Expression Data
Last updated
Last updated
Small molecules frequently interact with proteins. All aspects of ADME may be influenced to a varying extent by protein/compound interaction. Metabolic and transport processes are of particular importance in this context. Most proteins concentrations vary spatially as well as temporally. PK-Sim® allows the user to model proteins and compound/protein interactions.
Active, protein-mediated processes involved in drug ADME generally occur simultaneously in various organs. A quantitative description of active processes, however, is difficult due to limited experimental accessibility of tissue-specific protein activity in vivo. PK-Sim® uses gene expression data as a surrogate for protein abundance to estimate in vivo activity of such enzymes or transporters which have an influence on drug pharmacokinetics. This concept implies that protein availability and catalytic rate constants, which ultimately underlie enzyme and transporter activity, are decoupled. For more detail, please see [46].
In brief, the concept of using gene expression data as proxy for protein abundance is based on the definition of the maximum velocity Vmax µ_mol/l/min. According to the Michaelis-Menten equation, _Vmax depends on both the total enzyme or transporter concentration E0 µmol/l and the catalytic rate constant kcat 1/min:
Assuming that kcat is not influenced by in vivo factors, the tissue-specific maximum velocity Vmax,organ is defined as:
Following from Equation 2, the effective rate of a protein-mediated process, be it metabolization or transport or binding reaction, is directly dependent on the total amount of the protein in the respective compartment. The abundance of proteins in different organs in PK-Sim is calculated from relative expression values. For each organ, the relative expression defines the concentration of the protein in whole organ as a fraction of a defined reference concentration value.
The reference concentration can be measured in vitro and allow direct in vitro - in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). The concentration of the protein in the organ with the relative expression = 1 will equal to that measured concentration. The concentrations in all other organs will be set relative to that value. In case no in vitro protein abundance values are available for any organ, the reference concentration can be set to any arbitrary value (the default value is 1 µmol/L). While direct IVIVE will not be possible in this case, the model will still be able to account for the different contributions of the organs to the total process rate (e.g. metabolism of a compound) through the relative expressions.
For example, CYP3A4 is mainly expressed in the liver of human adults, some in the gastrointestinal tract, and minor amounts in almost all other tissues. The concentration of CYP3A4 in the liver is 108 pmol/mg microsomal protein [63]. The concentration of microsomal protein in the liver is 40 mg per g liver. Assuming a specific tissue density of 1 g/mL the concentration of CYP3A4 in whole liver is 4.32 µmol/L . This number can be used as a reference concentration with relative expression of 1 in the liver.
The following table shows reference concentrations from a selection of CYP enzymes. The values were derived from measurements of human microsomal samples, see [63].
Table: Reference concentration of CYP enzymes
Special attention has to be paid when using ontogeny information together with the reference concentration. The reference concentration is subject to an age depending ontogeny, and the underlying implementation assumes that the reference concentration refers to an ontogeny factor of 1. For example: if it is known that for a 0.5 year old individual the ontogeny factor of a particular enzyme is 0.1, and the concentration of the enzyme in individuals of that age is 0.13 µmol/ L, the reference concentration (of an adult) is 1.3 µmol/L (that is 0.13/0.1).
The PK-Sim® library includes large-scale human gene-expression data from publicly available sources which were downloaded, processed, stored and customized such that they can be directly utilized in PBPK model building [63]. The database needs to be configured in the PK-Sim® options, see Options. Public databases which were imported are
whole genome expression arrays from ArrayExpress (ArrayExpress, 2010)
expressed sequence tags (EST) from UniGene.
The consolidated expression data was stored in a database with three sections termed EST (UniGene), Array (ArrayExpress), and RT-PCR (literature cited above), respectively.
It should be noted that the current version of the database only describes spatial distribution of active processes in PBPK models. Temporal aspects such as circadian rhythms underlying chronogenetics are not included in the current version of the database. If necessary, such effects may be considered in a corresponding MoBi® model. Also, the current version of the database is restricted to human expression data. Extensions to other organism are currently under development and will be become available in future versions of PK-Sim®.
Proteins involved in metabolism or transport of compounds are located in different organ sub-compartments. While enzymes usually reside inside organ cells, transport proteins are located in membranes. Another important feature of biological cells that has to be considered is polarity.
Organs containing epithelial cell membranes, like intestinal mucosa or liver (bile duct epithelium) and kidney (tubular epithelium), express different types of proteins on either side of the cell, whether basolateral or apical. The apical membrane is exposed to the luminal space, while the basolateral membrane is facing the interstitial space of the tissue.
By default, an added enzyme is localized only in the intracellular space of the organs. The user can select additional compartments where the enzyme should be expressed and set the expression values.
Plasma: Enzymes floating in blood plasma. The specified relative expression will be added to the expression of the enzyme in plasma compartment of every organ.
Blood Cells: Enzymes expressed in blood cells of all organs; the specified relative expression refers to blood cell volume. These enzymes can be located either within blood cells or in the cell membrane, facing blood plasma. The relative distribution of the enzyme between cellular space and plasma membrane is defined by the parameters:
“Fraction expressed in blood cells” defines the amount of protein within the cell and acts on educts located in the cell,
“Fraction expressed in blood cell membrane” is added to the expression in plasma and acts on educts located in blood plasma.
Vascular endothelium: Enzymes expressed in arteries, veins, and capillaries. The relative expression refers to the volume of vascular endothelium of the organ. Due to the specificity of implementation in PK-Sim, vascular endothelium is not explicitly modeled in the organs “Arterial Blood”, “Venous Blood”, and “Portal Vein”.
“Fraction expressed in endosome”: The enzyme is located in the endosomes of the vasculature. Please keep in mind that the endosomal compartment is not present in the model for small molecules.
“Fraction expressed on plasma-side membrane of vascular endothelium”: the enzyme is located in the membrane of endothelial cells facing blood plasma and acts on educts in plasma. The fraction of the relative expression is added to the expression in plasma.
“Fraction expressed on tissue-side membrane of vascular endothelium”: the enzyme is located in the membrane of endothelial cells facing the interstitial space and acts on educts in the interstitial space of the organ. The fraction of the relative expression is added to the expression in interstitial space.
The relative expressions (and the fractions expressed at different sites) of the enzyme in the vascular system are equal for all organs.
Tissue: The expression values for the organ tissue (excluding the vascular system) can be defined per organ and refer to the amount of the protein in whole organ (including plasma and blood cells). The “Fraction expressed intracellular” defines the concentration of the enzyme located intracellularly as fraction of total amount and acts on educts located intracellularly. The “Fraction expressed interstitial” defines the amount of the enzyme that is available in the interstitial space. Usually this refers to the enzymes located in the cellular membrane facing the interstitial space. NOTE: As per construction, it’s always Fraction expressed interstitial = 1 - Fraction expressed intracellular
Initial concentrations of the enzymes in the different compartments within the model are combined from the relative expression values of organs having direct access to this compartment. The name “initial concentration” refers to the fact that these concentrations may change during simulation course e.g. through mechanism based inactivation. The concentration of the enzyme in the compartment ultimately defines the rate of the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme.
BloodCells: RC * rel_exp_bc * f_exp_bc_cell
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_bc: Relative expression in blood cells
f_exp_bc_cell: Fraction expressed in blood cells
Plasma (ArterialBlood, VenousBlood, PortalVein): Combination of the expression in plasma and in blood cells in the membrane facing plasma. RC * (rel_exp_pls + rel_exp_bc * f_exp_bc_membrane * HCT / (1 - HCT))
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_pls: Relative expression in plasma
rel_exp_bc: Relative expression in blood cells
f_exp_bc_membrane: Fraction expressed in blood cells membrane
HCT: Hematocrit
Plasma (in organs except for ArterialBlood, VenousBlood, PortalVein): Combination of the expression in plasma, in blood cells in the membrane facing plasma, and in vascular endothelium in the membrane facing plasma. RC * (rel_exp_pls + rel_exp_bc * f_exp_bc_membrane * HCT / (1 - HCT) + rel_exp_vasend * f_exp_vasend_apical * V_vasend / V_pls)
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_pls: Relative expression in plasma
rel_exp_bc: Relative expression in blood cells
f_exp_bc_membrane: Fraction expressed in blood cells membrane
HCT: Hematocrit
rel_exp_vasend: Relative expression in vascular endothelium
f_exp_vasend_plasma: Fraction expressed on membrane of vascular endothelium facing blood plasma
V_vasend: Volume (endothelium)
V_pls: Volume plasma
Interstitial: Combination of the expression in organ and in vascular endothelium in the membrane facing interstitial space. Be aware that depending on how the expression values for the organs have been obtained, explicit addition of the expression in vascular endothelium may result in higher calculated effective concentration. RC * (rel_exp_org * f_exp_org_int * 1 / f_int + rel_exp_vasend * f_exp_vasend_tissue * V_vasend / V_int)
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_org: Relative expression in organ
f_exp_org_int: Fraction expressed interstitial
f_int: Fraction interstitial (of total organ volume)
rel_exp_vasend: Relative expression in vascular endothelium
f_exp_vasend_tissue: Fraction expressed on membrane of vascular endothelium facing tissue
V_vasend: Volume (endothelium)
V_int: Volume (organ interstitial)
Intracellular: RC * rel_exp_org * f_exp_org_cell * 1 / f_cell
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_org: Relative expression in organ
f_exp_org_cell: Fraction expressed intracellular
f_cell: Fraction intracellular(of total organ volume)
Endosome: RC * rel_exp_vasend * f_exp_vasend_endosomes * 1 / f_endo
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_vasend: Relative expression in vascular endothelium
f_exp_vasend_endosomes: Fraction expressed in endosomes
f_endo: Fraction endosomal (of total organ volume)
Transporters are located in the cell membranes, connecting two neighbor compartments. Four transport directions can be specified:
Influx: The substance is transported from the interstitial space or lumen to the intracellular space.
Efflux: The substance is transported from intracellular space to interstitial space or lumen.
Bi-directional: Facilitated transport along the concentration gradient. It is assumed that Vmax and Km values are equal for both directions. Only Michaelis-Menten kinetics can be used with this direction.
Plasma to interstitial space across endothelial border
Interstitial space to plasma across endothelial border
P-gp like: The substance is transported from intracellular space and interstitial space to the interstitial space.
As the model structure of PK-Sim does not explicitly contains membranes, expression of transporters is modeled in one of the neighbor compartments. In addition to the default transporter direction that is applied for all compartments, the direction can be specified for each compartment separately. As for proteins, the relative expression of a transport protein in an organ refers to the volume of organ tissue without blood cells and blood plasma.
Following localizations are available:
Blood cells: Transport between blood cells and plasma Initial concentration: RC * rel_exp_bc
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_bc: Relative expression in blood cells
Vascular endothelium: Transport between blood plasma and the interstitial space of all organs. The transporter is placed in blood plasma with initial concentration given by the equation RC * rel_exp_vasend * V_vasend / V_pls
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_vasend: Relative expression in vascular endothelium
V_vasend: Volume (endothelium)
V_pls: Volume of plasma
Be aware that depending on how the expression values for the organs have been obtained, explicit addition of the expression in vascular endothelium may result in higher calculated effective amount of the protein in tissue.
Organs: In organs that do not have a lumen (bone, fat, gonads, heart, lung, muscle, pancreas, skin, spleen, stomach, and non-mucosal small and large intestine), with the exception of brain, transport proteins are always modeled in the interstitial space, transporting the molecules between intracellular and interstitial spaces. The initial concentration is given by the equation RC * rel_exp_org * 1 / f_int
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_org: Relative expression in organ
f_int: Fraction interstitial (of total organ volume)
Brain: Transporter proteins in brain tissue are usually located in endothelial cells, transporting molecules across the blood-brain-barrier. This distinct nature of the brain tissue is captured in PK-Sim by locating the transport proteins by default into plasma compartment for the transport between plasma and interstitial space. The user can enforce expression of the transporter in interstitial compartment for the transport between interstitial and intracellular by setting the “Fraction expressed at blood brain barrier” and “Fraction expressed in brain tissue”. The concentrations in the respective compartments are calculated such that the total concentration in brain is RC * rel_exp_org.
The concentration in plasma is given by the equation RC * rel_exp_brn * f_exp_brn_bbb * 1 / (f_vas * (1 - HCT))
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_brn: Relative expression in brain
f_exp_brn_bbb: Fraction expressed at blood brain barrier
f_vas: Fraction vascular (of total organ volume)
HCT: Hematocrit
The concentration in interstitial space is given by the equation RC * rel_exp_brn * f_exp_brn_tissue * 1 / f_int
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_brn: Relative expression in brain
f_int: Fraction interstitial
Kidney and Liver: In kidney and liver, transport proteins can be located between interstitial and intracellular spaces (defined by “Fraction expressed basolateral” and modeled in interstitial space) and/or on the apical site of renal tubule and hepatic bile duct cells (defined by “Fraction expressed apical” and modeled in intracellular space), respectively. Transporters located on the apical site are responsible for active excretion of the compounds into urine and bile in kidney and liver, respectively.
Initial concentration in interstitial space is given by the equation RC * rel_exp_org * f_exp_org_basolatateral * 1 / f_int
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_org: Relative expression in organ
f_exp_org_basolatateral: Fraction expressed on the membrane between cellular and interstitial spaces
f_int: Fraction interstitial (of total organ volume)
Initial concentration in intracellular space is given by the equation RC * rel_exp_org * f_exp_org_apical * 1 / f_cell
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_org: Relative expression in apical
f_exp_org_apical: Fraction expressed on epithelial membrane
f_cell: Fraction intracellular (of total organ volume)
Mucosal tissue: The apical site of mucosal cells is facing the gastrointestinal lumen and facilitates the absorption or active excretion, while the basolateral site connects the intracellular and interstitial spaces.
Initial concentration in interstitial space is given by the equation RC * rel_exp_org * f_exp_org_basolatateral * 1 / f_int
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_org: Relative expression in organ
f_exp_org_basolatateral: Fraction expressed on the membrane between cellular and interstitial spaces
f_int: Fraction interstitial (of total organ volume)
Initial concentration in intracellular space is given by the equation RC * rel_exp_org * f_exp_org_apical * 1 / f_cell
RC: Reference concentration
rel_exp_org: Relative expression in apical
f_exp_org_apical: Fraction expressed on epithelial membrane
f_cell: Fraction intracellular (of total organ volume)
If you want to use the gene expression databases, ensure that they are correctly installed and linked to the application, see Options.
The workflow of integrating protein data with PBPK models comprises the following steps:
Identification of relevant metabolizing enzymes, transport proteins, and protein binding partners for the compound of interest (your internal research or literature)
Determination of organ and tissue specific distribution of protein concentrations (PK-Sim® supports this task with an in-built database)
Identification of cellular location of proteins (your internal research or literature)
Devise applicable kinetics and adjust kinetic parameters (modeling, your internal research or literature)
Proteins are added to a PBPK model as part of the building block individual. Proteins are added as binding partners, as metabolizing enzymes or as transporters for “compound”. The specifics of the interaction is adjusted in the compounds building block, see PK-Sim® Compounds: Definition and Work Flows, while the quantities and localization of proteins is parameterized in the individual building block. There are two ways of adding proteins to the building block “ individual”, either via a database query using the PK-Sim® gene expression database, or through direct entering of protein quantities to a list of organs and tissues. In either case, a protein is added either as “Metabolising Enzyme”, as “Transport Protein” or as “Protein Binding Partners”. Below the tab “Expression”, you find an area that lists all possible protein ‘types’. For each type, it is possible to select via right click a context menu with two entries, Add type… (Default) or Add type… (Database Query) with type being one of “Metabolising Enzyme”, “Transport Protein” or “Protein Binding Partners”.
If you know quantities of proteins in one or several organs you can define the expression data manually. Start by selecting the type of protein you have, enzyme, transporter or binding partner.
Right click on this type, and select the first entry in the context menu: Add Metabolizing Enzyme ... (Default) (assuming you want to add an enzyme).
Next, you will be required to choose a name for your protein. After doing so, an area to configure properties of this protein will appear.
To be able to query expression data from a database you have to select a database for the current species in PK-Sim ®options (see PK-Sim® Options.
We will explain settings in detail in Settings in the protein expression tab.
Use this if you do not know quantities of proteins in all PK relevant organs/tissues. PK-Sim® is shipped with an internal gene expression database. Gene expression is experimentally more amenable then actual protein expression, in particular with the wide spread use of micro array chip technology. Then, a proportionality of gene expression and protein quantities across organs and tissues is assumed.
Start by selecting the type of protein you have, enzyme, transporter or binding partner. Right click on this type, and select the first entry in the context menu: “Add Metabolizing Enzyme (Database query)” (assuming you want to add an enzyme).
Next, a database query wizard will open. This is discussed in more detail in, “Advanced Analysis”. Here we walk you through the simplest possible process.
The first panel of the database search wizard allows you to enter a search term in the search bar
This term can be anything from gene name, gene symbol, or parts of the description.
The term is automatically enclosed by wildcards. You can turn off this default behavior by enclosing the term with “quotes”. As wildcards you can use a percent sign (%) or a star (*) for multiple characters and a question mark (?) or underscore (_) for a single character.
Once you hit enter, you will see a list of database entries that match your search. Several details are displayed like:
Gene Name
Name Type (e.g. is the gene name a synonym)
the gene symbol (this is the most authoritative naming convention)
the (entrez) gene ID
the official full name for the protein or gene
Select the appropriate entry in the list of search results (or refine your search).
The (entrez) gene ID is also a hyper link to the NCBI gene page where you can find additional information about the gene.
A hit row is highlighted in gray if the gene is known in the database but there are no expression data available. In this case the other tabs are disabled.
In the upper panel you can find a table of gene expression values. The table is organized with tissues in rows, and data sources in columns.
You can select one or several cells with the mouse (press left mouse key down), copy the content with Ctrl+C, and paste the values into another application, e.g. Microsoft Excel,® with Ctrl+V.
The lower panel gives a graphical representation of the gene expression values. In the table (upper panel), the data can be filtered by several criteria. (REF: How to use the database query wizard).
In the data transfer overview tab the data to be transferred are compiled for reviewing. Note, that relative expression values are given. In the upper part of the windows one or more radio buttons are displayed. The radio buttons are used to select the appropriate data source. Currently, Array, EST or RT-PCR can be selected. After selecting one of the data sources the expression levels in different PBPK containers are displayed in the lower panel. Select the most appropriate data source and click OK to close the database query wizard. The expression data is transferred to PK-Sim®
The Array Database is best in terms of the number of genes covered (essentially the complete genome), RT-PCR provides the most accurate measurements, and EST data in some cases covers unusual types of tissue. Use the data sources that has the most appropriate coverage of tissues for your purpose. Array data is usually a good choice.
When using several proteins different data sources for different proteins may safely be used.
The complete data set is stored within the PK-Sim® project. If you re-enter the query by selecting the Edit... menu item from the context menu of a defined protein, all data will be taken from the internally saved data set. To force access to the database you need to re-query the protein in the protein selection form.
You can rename a defined protein within your PK-Sim® project by selecting the Rename... menu item from the context menu of a defined protein. This name has no impact on the query and is only used to identify the protein within the PK-Sim® project.
In the upper section, the following entries can be adjusted:
Reference concentration: Enter the molar concentration of the protein in the organ with the highest enzyme concentration (typically the liver). This is useful as you will later solely enter relative enzyme concentrations. If you do not know the absolute concentration in the organ with the highest expression level you can leave this entry at its default value of 1.00 pmol/mg and adjust the active process, e.g. via the Vmax value. See Reference Concentration for a more detailed discussion of the Reference concentration.
t1/2 (liver) and t1/2 (intestine): Half-life of the protein turnover in the liver and in the intestine.
Ontogeny like: A list of typical enzymes and locations is shown for which the PK-Sim® software already knows ontogenies. Ontogenies are age-depending changes of enzyme concentrations in the respective organ or tissue.
Currently, ontogeny information is only available for the liver and for the intestine and restricted to a selection of important enzymes.
Detailed information on the integrated enzyme ontogenies is available in the separate documentation PK-Sim® Ontogeny Database
If the selected enzyme is recognised and ontogeny information is available, that enzyme is preselected. Otherwise, from this list the ontogeny of an enzyme/ protein may be selected. The button to the right of the list can be used to visualise the ontogeny. The fraction of adult protein content in a specific organ is plotted against age.
The gene expression that is used in the simulation incorporates the age- dependency of the ontogeny.
In the lower section, values of relative expression can be edited for individual tissues, vascular system and GIT - Lumen. Additionally:
For metabolizing enzymes and protein binding partners:
If only one option in a group is activated: corresponding fraction expressed parameter will be set to 1; other fraction expressed parameter(s) of this group will be set to 0; all fraction expressed parameters of the group will be hidden. E.g. activating the checkboxes as in the screenshot above will result in:
Tissue localization parameters:
Fraction expressed intracellular = 1 (parameter is hidden)
Fraction expressed interstitial = 0 (parameter is hidden)
Blood Cells localization parameters:
Fraction expressed in blood cells = 1 (parameter is hidden)
Fraction expressed in blood cells membrane = 0 (parameter is hidden)
Vascular Endothelium localization parameters:
Fraction expressed in endosomes = 1 (parameter is hidden)
Fraction expressed on plasma-side membrane of vascular endothelium = 0 (parameter is hidden)
Fraction expressed on tissue-side membrane of vascular endothelium = 0 (parameter is hidden)
Tissue localization parameters:
Fraction expressed intracellular is shown and can be edited by user
Fraction expressed interstitial is shown
(not editable; always set as 1 - Fraction expressed intracellular)
Blood Cells localization parameters:
Fraction expressed in blood cells is shown and can be edited by user
Fraction expressed in blood cells membrane is shown
(not editable; always set as 1 - Fraction expressed in blood cells)
Vascular Endothelium localization parameters:
Fraction expressed in endosomes is shown and can be edited by user
Fraction expressed on plasma-side membrane of vascular endothelium is shown and can be edited by user
Fraction expressed on tissue-side membrane of vascular endothelium is hidden and always set to 1 - (Fraction expressed in endosomes + Fraction expressed on plasma-side membrane of vascular endothelium)
If all options in a group are deactivated: all corresponding Fraction expressed parameters are hidden AND all corresponding relative expressions are automatically set to 0. E.g. deactivating both options "Blood cells intracellular" and "Blood cells membrane" will not only hide the parameters Fraction expressed in blood cells and Fraction expressed in blood cells membrane but also set Relative expression in blood cells to 0 and hide it.
In such a case, before setting relative expressions to zero a warning is shown to the user to avoid the loss of information:
For transport proteins:
For some organs, Fraction expressed apical can be set (see Localizations, directions, and initial concentrations of transport proteins for explanation of the various parameters).
Transporter direction can be set to Efflux, Influx, Bi-Directional or Pgp-Like.
Transporter direction can be set for each organ independently. In order to change the direction in all organs simultaneously, change the selected value in the "Default Transporter Direction" selection box.
The value of the "Default Transporter Direction" is only used to reset all organ transporter directions to the given type and is not used in the model. E.g. if the user sets the default transporter direction to Efflux in all organs and then changes it to Influx in one organ: in this particular organ the Influx transporter will be created!
For all proteins:
Initial concentration in every compartment (which is calculated based on the reference concentration, relative expression values and localization settings as described above) is hidden as per default. To show and to edit it (if required), the Show initial concentration checkbox must be activated:
In this section the more advanced features of the expression database integration are explained.
In the upper section of the “Data Analysis tab page” the expression data is compiled in a pivot table. With the help of a pivot table cross tabulations are easily possible. You can drag fields to use them as additional row or column headers. The table changes dynamically.
You can change the X-Axis field used by the corresponding chart by double clicking on a row header. This feature is only available for fields with no empty values.
You can change the series building field used by the corresponding chart by double clicking on a column header. This feature is only available for fields with no empty values.
You can reset all fields back to their default position by double clicking on a filter field header. The fields used in the chart are also reset by that action.
By ticking the check boxes you can toggle the filtering of individual values.
The buttons in the upper area have the following meaning:
The respective active filter is shown right under the table.
Click on Edit Prefilter to open a dialog for editing complex filter conditions.
To add a condition for the age of the population used in the expression data measurements you can add a condition in the prefilter dialog with the following steps:
First save the current condition to the clipboard by selecting the topmost logical operator and pressing Ctrl+C.
Change the topmost logical operator to “And”.
Restore the original condition by pressing Ctrl+V.
Add a new condition by pressing the button behind the topmost logical operator “And”.
Select the column “Age(Minimum)” and select the condition operator “Is greater than or equal to” and enter the value “18”.
Now the condition has changed and only data from adults will be used
For filtering age ranges of populations you might find it more convenient to use the [Age(Minimum)] and [Age(Maximum)] columns.
A default mapping maps measured expression data of tissues to PK-Sim® containers. This mapping can be changed by users. If you double click on the value of a container or tissue the edit mapping dialog opens.
On the left hand side of the dialog the containers with their corresponding icons are shown and on the right hand side the currently mapped tissue is shown. Blue font means that there is no expression data available for that tissue. At the end of the list all tissues are displayed for which data could be found but which are not already mapped.
It is possible to map one tissue to multiple containers. For example the Small Intestine is mapped by default to several areas of the GI tract.
In the navigator panel of the edit mapping dialog, the following buttons can be used:
Even though you can accept changes in the edit mode, ultimately they will only be saved by leaving the dialog and pressing the OK button. Changes done within the dialog are highlighted with orange background color.
If you want to discard all changes you can just leave the dialog with the Cancel button.
The relative expression defines the concentration of the protein in whole organ, i.e., the sum volume of the sub-compartments interstitial space, intracellular space, blood plasma and blood cells, and (for the large molecules model) the endosomal space. Within the organ, the protein can be distributed over the different sub-compartments, with the effective concentration in the compartment being calculated by PK-Sim such that the concentration in the whole organ is
with RC being the reference concentration and the relative expression in this organ. The following sections give an overview over the possible localizations and the equations used to calculate the effective concentrations in the different compartments for enzymes and transport proteins.
The localization in tissue, blood cells and vascular endothelium can be modified (see Localizations and initial concentrations of enzymes for explanation of the various parameters). Activating/deactivating checkboxes in each of these 3 localization groups changes some parameter values and shows/hides parameters following the following logic:
If more than one option in a group is activated: corresponding fraction expressed parameters are shown and can be edited by user. E.g. for the selection below:
Each field can be used for filtering. To open the filter dialog click on the filter symbol which is shown in the field header when hovering over a field.
The button can be used to limit the list of values to only those that are currently visible. If you would have added a filter on another field some values might are unreachable. Those values would be hidden.
The button can be used to change the check box into an option box which means that you can only select one filter value at a time and that the previously selected value gets automatically deselected by selecting a new value.
The button can be used to invert the selected filter values which means that every selected value gets deselected and vice versa..
The button brings you to the first record.
The button brings you 10 records backwards.
The button brings you to the previous record.
The record counter ( ) shows you the actual position and the total number of records.
The button brings you to the next record.
The button brings you 10 records forwards.
The button brings you to the last record.
The button enters the edit mode.
The button leaves the edit mode and accepts the changes.
The button leaves the edit mode and rejects the changes.
Enzyme
pmol/mg human liver microsomes
µmol CYP/L liver tissue (Reference concentration)
CYP1A2
45
1.8
CYP2A6
68
2.72
CYP2B6
39
1.56
CYP2C18
<2.5
<0.1
CYP2C19
19
0.76
CYP2C8
64
2.56
CYP2C9
96
3.84
CYP2D6
10
0.4
CYP2E1
49
1.96
CYP3A4
108
4.32
CYP3A5
1
0.04
